World Arthritis Day: 5 reasons why women are more prone than men to arthritis

World Arthritis Day, observed annually on October 12 since 1996, aims to raise awareness about arthritis — a progressive condition that causes pain, stiffness, and inflammation in the joints. The disease affects millions worldwide and typically worsens with age.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, caused by the gradual wear and tear of cartilage in the joints. It leads to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, often affecting the knees, hips, hands, and spine.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation, pain, swelling, and joint deformity over time. RA can affect multiple joints symmetrically and may involve other organs in severe cases.

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), about 73% of people living with osteoarthritis are over 55 years old, and 60% are women. Similarly, nearly 70% of those affected by rheumatoid arthritis are women, highlighting the gender disparity in arthritis prevalence.

"This difference is largely influenced by hormonal changes that occur throughout a woman's life — during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause — which can impact joint health, immune function, and inflammation levels," said Dr. Ashwani Maichand, Director, Department of Orthopaedics, CK Birla Hospital, Delhi.

Why arthritis affects women more than men

Experts attribute women’s higher risk of arthritis to a combination of biological and hormonal factors. According to Dr. Maichand, five key reasons include:

• Hormonal fluctuations: Estrogen helps protect cartilage and bone density. When levels drop — such as after childbirth or during menopause — inflammation and joint degeneration can worsen.
• Pregnancy-related changes: Hormonal shifts during pregnancy can temporarily relieve or aggravate arthritis symptoms. After delivery, reduced hormone levels often cause a flare-up.
• Immune system differences: Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, which directly affect joint health.
• Menopause and aging: The decline in estrogen after menopause increases inflammation, stiffness, and the risk of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
• Genetic and structural factors: Women generally have more flexible joints and different joint alignment, which can lead to increased wear and tear over time.

Managing arthritis through life stages

Treatment primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and improving joint function. Recommended measures include regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and consuming a balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) may benefit some postmenopausal women but should only be used under medical supervision.

Early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and lifestyle modifications can significantly enhance quality of life. Understanding how hormonal changes affect joint health can empower women to take proactive steps in managing arthritis at every stage — from reproductive years to menopause and beyond.

Disclaimer: This article is for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Individuals should consult a qualified physician or healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment of arthritis or any other medical condition.